No diabetes mellitus | Diabetes mellitus | P value | |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Number | 175 | 75 | |
Age (years) | 66 ± 11 | 67 ± 9 | 0.257 |
Gender (n (%) female) | 56 (32%) | 22 (29%) | 0.677 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 5.7 | 32.1 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
Waist:hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.001 |
Blood glucose mmol/l (n) | 5.9 ± 1.7 (45) | 9.0 ± 3.2 (54) | <0.001 |
HbA1c mmol/mol (n) | 41 ± 6 (31) | 61 ± 16 (29) | <0.001 |
Diabetic medication (n (%) | |||
None | 11 (15%) | ||
Oral hypoglycaemics | 51 (68%) | ||
Insulin (±oral hypoglycaemics) | 13 (17%) | ||
Confirmed coronary artery disease (Gensini >20) | 36% | 42% | 0.037 |
Charlson index (excluding diabetes) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.026 |
Smoking history and respiratory illness | |||
Smoking status (n (%)) | |||
Never | 41% | 44% | 0.873 |
Ex-smoker | 46% | 45% | |
Current smoker | 13% | 11% | |
Childhood respiratory illness (n (%)) | 30 (17%) | 18 (24%) | 0.139 |
On respiratory medication (n (%)) | 40 (23%) | 16 (21%) | 0.474 |
Prior COPD diagnosis (n (%)) | 22 (13%) | 7 (9%) | 0.314 |
Prior diagnosis of any chronic lung disease (n (%)) | 28 (16%) | 18 (24%) | 0.092 |
Lung function | |||
FEV1% predicted | 83 ± 21 | 79 ± 18 | 0.134 |
FVC% predicted | 91 ± 22 | 82 ± 17 | 0.002 |
FEV1:FVC | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 0.008 |
Respiratory symptoms | |||
Breathlessness (mMRC) | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
Cough (/5) | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 0.005 |
Phlegm (/5) | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.813 |
Total CAT score | 7 ± 5 | 9 ± 7 | 0.024 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC, forced vital capacity; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; CAT, COPD assessment test.
Values are mean±SD (compared with independent t tests), median (interquartile range) (compared with Mann Whitney U tests) and number (%) (compared with chi squared tests).