Annual per patient health care utilisation costs 12 months prior to LABD initiation
| LABA (N = 2899) | LAMA (N = 13511) | LABA+LAMA (N = 525) | LABA+ICS (N = 15374) | LAMA+ICS (N = 2370) | LAMA+LABA+ICS (N = 4960) | |
| Total costs | £2,139 | £2,223 | £2,240 | £2,334 | £2,410 | £2,876 |
| GP visits | £1,230 | £1,249 | £1,237 | £1,224 | £1,313 | £1,272 |
| All exacerbations | £173 | £192 | £179 | £247 | £287 | £400 |
| Non-COPD hospitalisations | £709 | £759 | £795 | £811 | £703 | £1,159 |
| Treatment | £27 | £23 | £29 | £51 | £106 | £46 |