Bundles for lifestyle interventions to reduce the risk of CAP in adults
| Risk factor | Evidence | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Risk of CAP increased in current and former smokers (9 studies)19–23 38 42 46 47 | Smoking cessation |
| Alcohol consumption | Risk of CAP increased with high consumption or history of alcohol abuse (4 studies)21 23 38 47 | Reduce alcohol consumption |
| Nutritional status | Being underweight was generally associated with an increased risk of CAP (4 studies)23 38 44 47 | Dietary advice to ensure good nutritional status |
| Contact with children | Regular contact with children increased the risk of CAP (3 studies)23 38 44 | Avoid contacts with children with lower respiratory tract infections |
| Dental hygiene | Risk of CAP decreased in individuals with a recent (within past year) dental visit (2 studies)23 38 | Ensure regular dental visits |
| Vaccination against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae | Current guidelines88 89 | Ensure compliance with guidelines |
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia.