Unadjusted outcomes
| Overall | Full cohort | Propensity matched* | |||
| Day 1–2 β-blocker treated | Untreated or late treated | Day 1–2 β-blocker treated | Untreated or late treated | ||
| 35082 (100%) | 10070 (28.7%) | 25012 (71.3%) | 9161 (50%) | 9161 (50%) | |
| N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| In-hospital mortality† | 817 (2.3) | 197 (2.0) | 620 (2.5) | 178 (1.9) | 216 (2.4) |
| Late mechanical ventilation, after day 2 | 734 (2.1) | 191 (1.9) | 543 (2.2) | 174 (1.9) | 186 (2.0) |
| 30-day all-cause readmission‡ § | 6891 (20.1) | 1992 (20.2) | 4899 (20.1) | 1823 (20.3) | 1876 (21.0) |
| 30-day AE-COPD readmission† ‡ § ¶ | 2725 (8.0) | 654 (6.6) | 2071 (8.5) | 611 (6.8) | 693 (7.8) |
| 30-day CHF or IHD readmission† ‡ § ¶ | 613 (1.8) | 294 (3.0) | 319 (1.3) | 254 (2.8) | 166 (1.9) |
| Acute coronary events, after day 2† | 865 (2.5) | 323 (3.2) | 542 (2.2) | 281 (3.1) | 259 (2.8) |
| LOS, median (IQR)† ¶ days** | 5 (4–7) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) |
↵* 9161 of 10 070 (90.8%) β-blocker treated cases matched.
↵† Indicates statistically significant differences between treated and untreated groups in full cohort (p value <0.05).
↵‡ Among 34 265 survivors in the full cohort.
↵§ Among 17 928 survivors in the matched cohort.
↵¶ Indicates statistically significant difference between treated and untreated groups in propensity matched cohort (p value <0.05).
↵** Kruskal-Wallis tests (p value<0.05).
AE-COPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; LOS, length of stay.