Association between 30-day and long-term mortality following pneumonia and benzodiazepine use, all ages (cohort study; n=4964)
| Drug | Numbers dead at 30 days (%) (n=947) | 30-Day adjusted HR* (95% CI) | p Value | Long-term mortality (%) (n=1547) | Long-term mortality adjusted HR* (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzodiazepine | ||||||
| No | 568 (15.4) | 1.00 | 938 (25.4) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 379 (29.9) | 1.22 (1.06 to 1.39)† | 0.004 | 609 (48.0) | 1.32 (1.19 to 1.47) | <0.001 |
| Benzodiazepine | ||||||
| Current | 123 (37.5) | 1.35 (1.10 to 1.64) | 185 (56.4) | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67) | ||
| Recent | 61 (42.1) | 1.36 (1.04 to 1.79) | p trend | 93 (64.1) | 1.49 (1.19 to 1.85) | p trend |
| Past | 195 (24.5) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.32) | 0.081 | 331 (41.6) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) | <0.001 |
| Diazepam | ||||||
| No | 781 (18.1) | 1.00 | 1279 (29.6) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 166 (25.8) | 1.24 (1.04 to 1.47) | 0.014 | 268 (41.7) | 1.27 (1.11-1.46) | 0.001 |
| Diazepam | ||||||
| Current | 40 (38.8) | 2.00 (1.45 to 2.75) | 49 (47.6) | 1.71 (1.28 to 2.28) | ||
| Recent | 16 (32.7) | 1.48 (0.90 to 2.43) | p trend | 27 (55.1) | 1.86 (1.27 to 2.73) | p trend |
| Past | 110 (22.4) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.30) | 0.225 | 192 (39.1) | 1.14 (0.98- 1.34) | <0.001 |
| Chlordiazepoxide | ||||||
| No | 930 (19.0) | 1.00 | 1519 (31.0) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 17 (27.0) | 1.58 (0.98 to 2.57) | 0.063 | 28 (44.4) | 1.49 (1.02 to 2.17) | 0.038 |
| Chlordiazepoxide | ||||||
| Current | 2 (20.0) | 0.92 (0.23 to 3.69) | 4 (40.0) | 1.01 (0.38 to 2.70) | ||
| Recent | 4 (57.1) | 1.98 (0.74 to 5.34) | p trend | 6 (85.7) | 1.95 (0.87 to 4.37) | p trend |
| Past | 11 (23.9) | 1.68 (0.93 to 3.06) | 0.045 | 18 (39.1) | 1.53 (0.96 to 2.45) | 0.030 |
| Lorazepam | ||||||
| No | 913 (18.7) | 1.00 | 1502 (30.7) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 34 (46.9) | 1.61 (1.14 to 2.28) | 0.007 | 45 (61.6) | 1.48 (1.10 to 2.00) | 0.010 |
| Lorazepam | ||||||
| Current | 10 (47.6) | 1.54 (0.82 to 2.88) | 13 (61.9) | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.24) | ||
| Recent | 7 (87.5) | 2.57 (1.21 to 5.47) | p trend | 8 (100.0) | 2.79 (1.38 to 5.64) | p trend |
| Past | 17 (38.6) | 1.44 (0.89 to 2.33) | 0.018 | 24 (54.6) | 1.38 (0.92 to 2.06) | 0.017 |
| Temazepam | ||||||
| No | 738 (17.1) | 1.00 | 1209 (28.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 209 (32.0) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.29) | 0.208 | 338 (51.7) | 1.20 (1.06 to 1.36) | 0.003 |
| Temazepam | ||||||
| Current | 46 (30.9) | 0.91 (0.67 to 1.22) | 85 (57.1) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.40) | ||
| Recent | 29 (43.9) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.63) | p trend | 40 (60.6) | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.40) | p trend |
| Past | 134 (30.5) | 1.19 (0.99 to 1.44) | 0.071 | 213 (48.5) | 1.28 (1.11 to 1.49) | 0.001 |
| Zopiclone | ||||||
| No | 932 (19.1) | 1.00 | 1517 (31.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 15 (18.5) | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.53) | 0.738 | 30 (37.0) | 1.11 (0.77 to 1.60) | 0.564 |
| Zopiclone | ||||||
| Current | 5 (27.8) | 1.43 (0.59 to 3.44) | 10 (55.6) | 2.17 (1.17 to 4.06) | ||
| Recent | 1 (14.3) | 0.30 (0.04 to 2.12) | p trend | 5 (71.4) | 0.85 (0.35 to 2.04) | p trend |
| Past | 9 (16.1) | 0.95 (0.49 to 1.83) | 0.641 | 15 (26.8) | 0.91 (0.55 to 1.52) | 0.943 |
Bold values indicate statistically significant results. All comparisons are in reference to ‘no use’; percentages shown represent ‘row’ percentages, that is, the proportion of cases who died within each exposure category.
*Adjusted for age, sex, Townsend deprivation score, current smoking, Charlson comorbidity index score, alcohol use, depression and psychosis.
†These data have been published previously, see reference.1