p Value | Interaction, male × pack years | p Value | ||
Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |||
LLN criteria† | ||||
Sex (male) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.26) | 0.814 | ||
Pack years: never smoker | 1.0 | |||
Ever smoker: <1 | 1.13 (0.65 to 1.96) | 0.677 | 0.50 (0.16 to 1.59) | 0.242 |
1–19 | 1.70 (1.40 to 2.06) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.17) | 0.360 |
20–49 | 2.99 (2.49 to 3.60) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.27) | 0.815 |
50+ | 4.27 (3.09 to 5.88) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.62 to 1.37) | 0.681 |
GOLD criteria† | ||||
Sex (male) | 1.77 (1.53 to 2.06) | <0.001 | ||
Pack years: never smoker | 1.0 | |||
Ever smoker: <1 | 1.05 (0.67 to 1.66) | 0.832 | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.31) | 0.204 |
1–19 | 1.70 (1.45 to 2.00) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) | 0.012 |
20–49 | 2.90 (2.48 to 3.38) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91) | 0.004 |
50+ | 3.79 (2.85 to 5.04) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.58 to 1.13) | 0.229 |
NICE criteria† | ||||
Sex (male) | 1.81 (1.37 to 2.39) | <0.001 | ||
Pack years: never smoker | 1.0 | |||
Ever smoker: <1 | 0.97 (0.39 to 2.42) | 0.955 | 0.21 (0.02 to 1.85) | 0.160 |
1–19 | 2.70 (2.06 to 3.53) | <0.05 | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.96) | 0.028 |
20–49 | 5.58 (4.36 to 7.15) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.46 to 0.90) | 0.011 |
50+ | 8.63 (6.00 to 12.41) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.16) | 0.187 |
Numbers in bold refer to values with a significance of p<0.05.
↵* Adjusted for age, sex, pack years of smoking, socioeconomic status and sex × pack years.
↵† Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria18: FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) criteria: FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 <80% predicted (equivalent to GOLD stage II)19; lower limit of normal (LLN) criteria20 ,21: participants with FEV1/FVC values >1.645 SD below the mean reference value.
FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.