Proximity of residence to a major road as predictor of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and mortality
| Model | Proximity to a major road ≤171 vs >171 m* | Each 10-fold increase in distance† | ||||
| HR | 95% CI | p-Value | HR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Incidence of BOS | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 2.06 | 1.39 to 3.05 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.47 to 0.85 | 0.004 |
| Adjusted for multiple covariates‡ | 2.15 | 1.44 to 3.22 | <0.001 | 0.57 | 0.44 to 0.81 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted for multiple covariates‡ and PM10 background levels§ | 2.18 | 1.44 to 3.01 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.43 to 0.81 | 0.001 |
| Incidence of mortality | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 2.20 | 1.25 to 3.86 | 0.006 | 0.63 | 0.40 to 0.99 | 0.047 |
| Adjusted for multiple covariates‡ | 1.99 | 1.09 to 3.61 | 0.024 | 0.72 | 0.45 to 0.96 | 0.034 |
| Adjusted for multiple covariates‡ and PM10 background levels§ | 2.26 | 1.20 to 4.27 | 0.012 | 0.58 | 0.36 to 0.93 | 0.024 |
* Patients were assigned to categories according to distance from home to major roads based on lowest tertile.
† Continuous analysis based on log-distance; hazard ratio (HR) associated with a 10-fold increase in distance between home and a major road.
‡ Adjusted for sex, age, type of transplantation (single or double lung transplantation), infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and non-CMV infections, acute rejections, socioeconomic status, and a time factor to adjust for possible time trends.
§ Background levels of particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) at home based on interpolated data (4 by 4 km grids).