Table 1

Study group characteristics

	Index cases			Index controls
	HIV positive	HIV negative	p Value*	HIV positive	HIV negative	p Value*	p Value†
n	99 (77%)	30		29 (19%)	120		<0.001
Number male (%)	95 (96%)	29 (97%)	1.00	25 (90%)	110 (92%)	0.48	<0.001
Age in years, median (range)	40 (24–57)	37 (22–58)	0.16	46 (23–61)	37 (19, 65)	0.03	0.80

	Contacts of index cases			Contacts of index controls
	HIV positive	HIV negative‡	p Value*	HIV positive	HIV negative‡	p Value*	p Value§

n	55 (25%)	167		18 (10%)	158		<0.001
Number male (%)	4 (7%)	65 (39%)	<0.001	4 (22%)	64 (41%)	0.2	<0.001
Age in years, median (range)	30 (17–47)	19 (10–82)	<0.001	30 (22–48)	21 (10–77)	<0.001	0.95
HIV status of index case
Positive	49	123		8	16
Negative	6	44	0.02	10	142	<0.001	0.81

Smear status of index cases¶
Smear negative, culture negative	4	13		–	–
Smear negative, culture positive	7	27		–
Smear positive, culture positive	22	62		–	–

↵* p Values computed with Fisher exact test or test for trend.
↵† p Value for difference between index cases and index controls.
↵‡ Children ≤16 years old were assumed to be HIV negative. They were not tested for their HIV status.
↵§ p Value for difference between contacts of index cases and contacts of index controls.
↵¶ 47 contacts were exposed to index cases that did not have a smear or culture taken.