Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with shock (n = 114) | Pneumococcal pneumonia without shock (n = 927) | p Value |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Median age (range) | 64 (18–92) | 70 (18–100) | 0.003 |
| Age ⩾70 | 34 (29.8) | 459 (49.5) | <0.001 |
| Male, sex | 67 (58.8) | 618 (66.7) | 0.093 |
| Vaccination status | |||
| Influenza vaccine (season) | 25 (21.9) | 403 (43.5) | 0.007 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 12 (10.5) | 134 (14.5) | 0.874 |
| Current tobacco abuse | 48 (42.1) | 254 (27.4) | 0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol consumption | 23 (20.2) | 195 (21.0) | 0.831 |
| Underlying disease | 84 (73.7) | 742 (80.0) | 0.109 |
| COPD | 33 (28.9) | 271 (29.2) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (18.4) | 187 (20.2) | 0.711 |
| Cancer | 11 (9.6) | 82 (8.8) | 0.730 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6 (5.3) | 49 (5.3) | 1.00 |
| Chronic heart disease | 34 (29.8) | 211 (22.8) | 0.238 |
| Chronic renal disease | 7 (6.0) | 55 (5.9) | 0.836 |
| Chronic liver disease | 14 (12.3) | 78 (8.4) | 0.165 |
| Dementia | 2 (1.8) | 28 (3.0) | 0.764 |
| Previous antibiotic treatment | 17 (14.9) | 166 (17.9) | 0.786 |
| Chronic corticosteroid treatment (⩽20 mg/day) | 14 (12.3) | 55 (5.9) | 0.015 |
| Clinical characteristics at admission | |||
| Median temperature (range) | 37.5 (35.0–41.0) | 38.0 (35.5–40.0) | <0.001 |
| Median respiratory rate (range) | 32 (11–55) | 28 (12–50) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory failure | 84 (73.7) | 538 (58.0) | 0.002 |
| Multilobar pneumonia | 47 (41.2) | 198 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Pleural effusion | 27 (23.7) | 194 (20.9) | 0.746 |
| Impaired consciousness | 35 (30.7) | 114 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| High-risk pneumonia (PSI >90 points, classes IV and V) | 91 (79.8) | 552 (59.5) | <0.001 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index.