Microbiological diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia
| Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with shock | Pneumococcal pneumonia without shock | |
| n = 114 (%) | n = 927 (%) | |
| One positive test | 77 (67.5) | 731 (78.8) |
| Gram stain and sputum culture | 12 (10.5) | 234 (25.2) |
| Blood cultures | 15 (13.2) | 109 (11.8) |
| Pleural fluid culture | 4 (3.5) | 36 (3.9) |
| Transthoracic needle aspiration specimen culture | 1 (0.9) | 6 (0.6) |
| Urinary antigen test | 45 (39.5) | 346 (37.3) |
| More than one positive test | 37 (32.5) | 196 (21.1) |
| Gram stain and sputum culture, blood cultures and urinary antigen test | 6 (5.3) | 13 (1.4) |
| Gram stain and sputum culture, and blood cultures | 7 (6.1) | 55 (5.9) |
| Blood cultures and urinary antigen test | 19 (16.7) | 98 (10.6) |
| Gram stain and sputum culture, and urinary antigen test | 5 (4.4) | 30 (3.2) |