Association between exposure to maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and children’s lung function at 21 years in males adjusted for mediating factors
| Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy | FVC (litre) | FEV1 (litre) | FEF25–75 (litre/s) |
| Adjusted for birth weight | |||
| Never smoked | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Smoked after pregnancy | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.10) |
| Smoked during ± after pregnancy | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.001 (0.04) | −0.11 (0.07) |
| Adjusted for child smoking at 14 years | |||
| Never smoked | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Smoked after pregnancy | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.11) |
| Smoked during ± after pregnancy | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.07)* |
| Adjusted for history of asthma assessed at 21 years | |||
| Never smoked | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Smoked after pregnancy | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.10) |
| Smoked during ± after pregnancy | 0.03 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.11 (0.07) |
The reference group (Ref) is children whose mothers never smoked. Values are regression coefficients (SE).
*p<0.05.
FVC, forced vital capacity; FEF25–75, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s.