Age 0–1 | Age 1–2 | Age 2–3 | Age 0–3 | |
OR* (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | ||||
n† | 189 | 171 | 155 | 195 |
Lag 0 | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 1.00 (0.86 to 1.15) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.06) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) |
Lag 1 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.19) | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.15) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.10) |
Lag 2 | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.19) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.17) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) |
Lag 3 | 1.20 (0.98 to 1.46) | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.25) | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.14) |
Lag 4 | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48)‡ | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 0.89 (0.74 to 1.09) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) |
3-day mean§ | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.48) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.22) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) |
UFPNC§ (particles/m3) | ||||
n | 144 | 157 | 151 | 179 |
Lag 0 | 0.71 (0.44 to 1.16) | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.67 to 1.49) | 0.85 (0.68 to 1.05) |
Lag 1 | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.38) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.21) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.26) | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.10) |
Lag 2 | 1.60 (0.92 to 2.67) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.44) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.24) |
Lag 3 | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.73) | 0.79 (0.59 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.27) | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.02) |
Lag 4 | 1.50 (0.89 to 2.54) | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.29) | 0.62 (0.44 to 0.89) | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.05) |
3-day mean | 1.92 (0.98 to 3.76) | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.17) | 0.72 (0.49 to 1.04) | 0.85 (0.68 to 1.07) |
NO2 (ppb) | ||||
n | 190 | 171 | 155 | 196 |
Lag 0 | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) |
Lag 1 | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.24) | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.13) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) |
Lag 2 | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.42) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.26) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.36) | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.21) |
Lag 3 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.77)‡ | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) | 1.20 (0.98 to 1.46) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.30) |
Lag 4 | 1.33 (1.06 to 1.68)‡ | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.26) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.21) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.23) |
3-day mean | 1.45 (1.08 to 1.95)‡ | 1.09 (0.85 to 1.40) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.45) | 1.19 (1.01 to 1.30)‡ |
NOx (ppb) | ||||
n | 190 | 171 | 155 | 196 |
Lag 0 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.12) | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) |
Lag 1 | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.19) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.05) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.02) |
Lag 2 | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.28) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.22) | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.30) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) |
Lag 3 | 1.30 (1.09 to 1.53)‡ | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.33) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) |
Lag 4 | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.54)‡ | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.19) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) |
3-day mean | 1.30 (1.03 to 1.65)‡ | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.32) | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.35) | 1.14 (1.00 to 1.30)‡ |
CO (ppm) | ||||
n | 190 | 172 | 154 | 196 |
Lag 0 | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.10) | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.36) | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.44) | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.15) |
Lag 1 | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.04) | 1.05 (0.79 to 1.40) | 0.94 (0.68 to 1.29) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.10) |
Lag 2 | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.42) | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.42) | 1.16 (0.90 to 1.50) | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.28) |
Lag 3 | 1.47 (1.10 to 1.96)‡ | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18) | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.46) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.26) |
Lag 4 | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.64) | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.22) | 1.04 (0.76 to 1.43) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.23) |
3-day mean | 1.33 (0.94 to 1.90) | 0.97 (0.70 to 1.34) | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.55) | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.32) |
CI, confidence interval; CO, carbon monoxide; COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratios; NOx, nitrogen oxide; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PM10, particulate matter <10 μm in diameter; UFPNC, ultrafine particles.
*Odds ratios estimated per IQR of a pollutant in a single-pollutant model adjusted for age, gender, smoking, paternal asthma history, temperature and season.
†Number of COPSAC children in the model.
‡p<0.05.
§Total concentration of ultrafine particles 10–700 nm in diameter (95% of total concentration comes from particles <100 nm).