| n | Incident or recurrent cardiovascular events per 1000 person years* | Deaths per 1000 person years | Univariate risk of a cardiovascular event from Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio (95% CI)) | Multivariate risk of cardiovascular event from Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio (95% CI))† | |
| Never smokers | |||||
| GOLD* 3 or 4 | 19 | 13.2 | 17.0 | 2.6 (0.9, 7.8) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.6) |
| GOLD 2 | 185 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) | 1.5 (0.96, 2.3) |
| GOLD 1 | 431 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
| GOLD 0 | 761 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
| Restricted | 469 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 2.4 (1.8, 3.1) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
| Normal | 3895 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Total | 5760 | 6.2 | 6.1 | ||
| Former smokers | |||||
| GOLD 3 or 4 | 88 | 24.5 | 49.7 | 3.3 ( 2.1, 5.2) | 2.3 (1.5, 3.6) |
| GOLD 2 | 422 | 16.3 | 17.4 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.8) | 1.3 (1.02, 1.8) |
| GOLD 1 | 564 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 1.3 (1.03, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) |
| GOLD 0 | 510 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 1.3 (1.01, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
| Restricted | 315 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
| Normal | 2852 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Total | 4751 | 10.0 | 9.8 | ||
| Current smokers | |||||
| GOLD 3 or 4 | 155 | 19.3 | 56.5 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
| GOLD 2 | 781 | 19.2 | 24.3 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) |
| GOLD 1 | 617 | 14.6 | 17.0 | 1.3 (0.99, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
| GOLD 0 | 768 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
| Restricted | 403 | 17.3 | 17.0 | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) |
| Normal | 1446 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Total | 4170 | 14.6 | 16.7 |
*Modified Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD criteria and incident or recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) criteria are defined as in table 1).
†Adjusted for age, race, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, education level, hypertension, high density lipoprotein of cholesterol, low density lipoprotein of cholesterol, fibrinogen, GOLD status and prevalent CVD.