Sex | | | | 0.156 |
Men | 730 (40.2) | 640 (43.6) | 1370 (41.7) | |
Women | 1088 (59.8) | 828 (56.4) | 1916 (58.3) | |
Age group (years) | | | | <0.001 |
40–49 | 529 (29.1) | 600 (40.9) | 1129 (34.4) | |
50–59 | 381 (21.0) | 372 (25.3) | 753 (22.9) | |
60–69 | 525 (28.9) | 344 (23.4) | 869 (26.4) | |
⩾70 | 383 (21.1) | 152 (10.4) | 535 (16.3) | |
Education (years) | | | | <0.001 |
0 | 175 (9.6) | 870 (59.3) | 1045 (31.8) | |
1–6 | 585 (32.2) | 433 (29.5) | 1018 (31.0) | |
⩾7 | 1058 (58.2) | 165 (11.2) | 1223 (37.2) | |
Smoking status | | | | <0.001 |
Non-smokers without ETS† | 626 (34.4) | 268 (18.3) | 894 (27.2) | |
Non-smokers with ETS | 553 (30.4) | 636 (43.3) | 1189 (36.2) | |
Smokers <15 pack-years | 191 (10.5) | 132 (9.0) | 323 (9.8) | |
Smokers ⩾15 pack-years | 448 (24.6) | 432 (29.4) | 880 (26.8) | |
Occupational exposure to dust | | | | <0.001 |
Yes | 433 (23.8) | 1413 (96.3) | 1846 (56.2) | |
No | 1385 (76.2) | 55 (3.7) | 1440 (43.8) | |
Respiratory disease in family‡ | | | | 0.001 |
Yes | 354 (19.5) | 367 (25.0) | 721 (21.9) | |
No | 1464 (80.5) | 1101 (75.0) | 2565 (78.1) | |
Cough in childhood | | | | <0.001 |
Often/sometimes | 154 (8.5) | 23 (1.6) | 177 (5.4) | |
Seldom | 1664 (91.5) | 1445 (98.4) | 3109 (94.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | | | | <0.001 |
<18.5 | 166 (9.1) | 53 (3.6) | 219 (6.7) | |
18.5–23.9 | 1008 (55.5) | 1022 (69.6) | 2030 (61.8) | |
⩾24.0 | 644 (35.4) | 393 (26.8) | 1037 (31.6) | |
Life quality§ | | | | <0.001 |
Poor | 92 (5.1) | 377 (25.7) | 469 (14.3) | |
General | 1492 (82.1) | 1048 (71.4) | 2540 (77.3) | |
Good | 234 (12.9) | 43 (2.9) | 277 (8.4) | |
Fuel type | | | | <0.001 |
LPG | 1793 (98.6) | 15 (1.0) | 1808 (55.0) | |
Coal | 12 (0.7) | 160 (10.9) | 172 (5.2) | |
Biomass¶ | 13 (0.7) | 1293 (88.1) | 1306 (39.8) | |
Local exhaust ventilation in kitchen | | | | <0.001 |
Yes | 1610 (88.6) | 10 (0.7) | 1620 (49.3) | |
No | 208 (11.4) | 1458 (99.3) | 1666 (50.7) | |
COPD | | | | 0.004 |
Yes | 134 (7.4) | 176 (12.0) | 310 (9.4) | |
No | 1684 (92.6) | 1292 (88.0) | 2976 (90.6) | |