Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality from obstructive lung disease and pneumonia as underlying causes of death by respiratory symptoms and sex, adjusted for smoking habit, occupational exposure, and age in Norway, 1973–2002. Persons who reported physician diagnosed asthma, bronchitis or emphysema are excluded. Separate models for each symptom group
| Symptoms | Obstructive lung disease (n = 112) | Pneumonia (n = 243) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| No respiratory symptoms | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Cough symptoms | 2.5 | 1.4 to 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.2 to 7.8 | 1.6 | 1.0 to 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.8 |
| Asthma-like symptoms | 2.9 | 1.6 to 5.5 | 4.5 | 1.9 to 10.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.0 |
| Moderate dyspnoea | 2.3 | 1.0 to 5.3 | 3.3 | 1.1 to 9.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 to 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.6 |
| Severe dyspnoea | 4.2 | 1.5 to 11.7 | 4.6 | 1.4 to 14.7 | 1.4 | 0.3 to 5.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 to 2.5 |