Characteristics of 60 episodes of microbiologically confirmed PCP admitted to the intensive care unit according to survival
| Characteristic | Survivors(N = 28) | Non-survivors(N = 32) | Overall(N = 60) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Values are shown as n (%) unless otherwise stated. | ||||
| PCP, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; CMV, cytomegalovirus; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; NA, not applicable. | ||||
| *Four patients were diagnosed at necropsy. | ||||
| †Median (range). | ||||
| ‡Mean (SD). | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 23 (82%) | 29 (91%) | 52 (87%) | 0.454 |
| Women | 5 (8%) | 2 (9%) | 8 (13%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 24 (86%) | 22 (69%) | 46 (77%) | 0.214 |
| Other | 4 (14%) | 10 (31%) | 14 (23%) | |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||
| Before mid 1996 | 9 (32%) | 22 (69%) | 31 (52%) | 0.009 |
| After mid 1996 | 19 (68%) | 10 (31%) | 29 (48%) | |
| HIV risk factor | ||||
| Men who have sex with men | 18 (64%) | 22 (69%) | 40 (67%) | 0.787 |
| Heterosexual | 10 (36%) | 10 (31%) | 20 (33%) | |
| Known to be HIV infected before presentation with PCP | ||||
| Yes | 8 (29%) | 17 (53%) | 25 (42%) | 0.069 |
| No | 20 (71%) | 15 (47%) | 35 (58%) | |
| Age (years)† | 32.5 (23–60) | 41.5 (25–68) | 36.5 (23–68) | 0.025 |
| Prior history of PCP | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0%) | 3 (9%) | 3 (5%) | 0.241 |
| No | 28 (100%) | 29 (91%) | 57 (95%) | |
| Receipt of PCP prophylaxis | ||||
| Yes | 2 (7%) | 7 (22%) | 9 (15%) | 0.155 |
| No | 26 (93%) | 25 (78%) | 57 (95%) | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| CD4 cells (×106/l)† | 35 (0–320) | 30 (0–100) | 30(0–320) | 0.515 |
| Admission Pao2 breathing room air (kPa)† | 7.0 (4.0–13.6) | 7.8 (3.9 –11.3) | 7.6 (3.9–13.6) | 0.583 |
| Admission A-ao2 gradient (kPa)† | 7.4 (1.6–10.8) | 7.3 (2.4–10.6) | 7.3 (1.6–10.6) | 0.699 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dl)‡ | 11.4 (1.87) | 10.8 (1.49) | 11.1 (1.69) | 0.176 |
| Serum albumin (g/l)‡ | 27.4 (5.97) | 24.6 (5.42) | 26.0 (5.81) | 0.071 |
| APACHE II score‡ | 15.1 (4.08) | 16.1 (6.52) | 15.6 (5.49) | 0.522 |
| Complications | ||||
| Admission to ICU | ||||
| ⩽5 days after hospital admission | 17 (61%) | 19 (59%) | 36 (60%) | 0.563 |
| >5 days after hospital admission | 11 (39%) | 13 (41%) | 24 (40%) | |
| Treatment failure at admission to ICU | ||||
| Yes | 2 (7%) | 4 (13%) | 6 (10%) | 0.678 |
| No | 25 (93%) | 28 (87%) | 54 (90%) | |
| Medical co-morbidity | ||||
| Yes | 3 (11%) | 9 (28%) | 12 (20%) | 0.115 |
| No | 25 (89%) | 23 (72%) | 48 (80%) | |
| CMV infection in BAL fluid | ||||
| Yes | 3 (11%) | 3 (9%) | 6 (11%) | 1.00 |
| No | 25 (89%) | 25 (91%)* | 50 (89%) | |
| Bacterial infection in BAL fluid | ||||
| Yes | 3 (11%) | 4 (14%) | 7 (12%) | 1.00 |
| No | 25 (89%) | 24 (86%)* | 49 (88%) | |
| Medical co-morbidity, CMV or bacterial infection in BAL fluid | ||||
| Yes | 9 (32%) | 14 (44%) | 23 (38%) | 0.430 |
| No | 19 (68%) | 18 (56%) | 37 (62%) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | ||||
| Yes | 12 (43%) | 22 (69%) | 34 (57%) | 0.067 |
| No | 16 (57%) | 10 (31%) | 26 (43%) | |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (days)† | 8 (1–28) | 11.5 (1–75) | 9.5 (1–75) | 0.539 |
| Pneumothorax | ||||
| Yes | 4 (14%) | 8 (25%) | 12 (20%) | 0.349 |
| No | 24 (86%) | 24 (75%) | 48 (80%) | |
| Mechanical ventilation and/or pneumothorax | ||||
| Yes | 12 (43%) | 23 (72%) | 35 (58%) | 0.036 |
| No | 16 (57%) | 9 (28%) | 25 (42%) | |
| Survival | ||||
| Died in ICU | 0 (0%) | 26 (81%) | 26 (43%) | NA |
| Died in hospital | 0 (0%) | 6 (19%) | 6 (10%) | |
| Survived to hospital discharge | 28 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (47%) | |