Williams3 | UK | 1955–65 | Case series | n = 23 | 100% | | Nil | Nasorespiratory infection |
Gluck and Gluck4 | USA | | Case series | n = 47 | 28% | | Nil | |
Melville et al5 | Jamaica and Trinidad | | Case series | Unknown | n = 8 | | Unknown | |
Stenius-Aarniala et al6 | Finland | 1972–82 | Prospective cohort | n = 198 | 17% | | Some used ICS (up to a maximum dose of 400 μg/day) | |
Schatz et al7 | USA | 1978–84 | Prospective cohort | n = 330 | 1.8% | 10.9% | 10% used beclomethasone | |
Apter et al8 | USA | 1978–88 | Case series | n = 28 | 64% | 43% | 29% used ICS | Discontinuation of medication |
| | | | | | | | Viral infection |
Mabie et al9 | USA | 1986–9 | Case series | n = 200 | 42.5% | 13% | Nil | |
Perlow et al10 | USA | 1985–90 | Historical cohort | n = 81 | 46% | | Unknown | |
Jana et al11 | India | 1983–92 | Prospective cohort | n = 182 | 8.2% | | Some used beclomethasone | |
Schatz et al12 | USA | 1978–89 | Prospective cohort | n = 486 | | 11.1% received nebulised bronchodilators in clinic or ED | 8% used beclomethasone | |
Stenius-Aarniala et al13 | Finland | 1982–92 | Prospective and retrospective cohort | n = 504 | 6.5% | 3% | ICS used by 34% of those who had an exacerbation and 62% of those who did not have an exacerbation | Lack of ICS use |
Dombrowski et al14 | USA | 1992–5 | Historical cohort | n = 54 | 43% | | 26% used beclomethasone | |
| | | | | | | 28% used triamcinolone acetonide | |
Kurinczuk et al1 | Australia | 1995–7 | Cross sectional survey | n = 79 | | 62% had an “asthma attack or wheezing” during pregnancy | Unknown | |
Henderson et al15 | USA | 1960–5 | Prospective cohort | n = 1574 | 2.2% | | Nil | |
Hartert et al16 | USA | 1985–93 | Historical cohort | n = 2461 | 6%(during influenza season) | | Unknown | Influenza |
Schatz et al17 | USA | 1994–9 | Prospective cohort | n = 1739 overall | 5.1% overall | | | |
| | | | n = 873 mild | 2.3% mild | | No ICS (mild) | |
| | | | n = 814 moderate n = 52 severe | 6.8% moderate 26.9% severe | | Some ICS use (moderate and severe) | |
Namazy et al18 | USA | 1996–2002 | Case series | n = 451 | | 7.6% had an “acute attack” | 100% ICS use | |
Martel et al19 | Canada | 1990–2000 | Nested case-control study | n = 3315 | 13% ED or admission | | 46% used ICS | |
Carroll et al20 | USA | 1995–2001 | Historical cohort | n = 4315 | 6.3% | 11.1% | 16% | |
Bakhireva et al21 | North America | 1998–2003 | Prospective cohort | n = 654 | 2.5% | | 67% used ICS without OCS | |
Otsuka et al22 | Japan | 1987–2003 | Historical cohort | n = 592 | | 1.38% had “asthma attacks” during labour and delivery | 55.3% | |
Schatz and Liebman23 | USA | 2000–1 | Historical cohort | n = 633 | 0.2% | 3.8% | 16% before pregnancy, 10% during pregnancy | Not using ICS before pregnancy |
Murphy et al24 | Australia | 1997–2003 | Prospective cohort | n = 146 | 8.2% | 2.7% | 64% used ICS | Viral infection |
| | Non-adherence to ICS |