Responses after the training phase (with supplementation maintained) compared with baseline for creatine and placebo groups
| Creatine(n = 14) | Placebo(n = 11) | Creatine versus placebo difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data are presented as group mean values (with 95% confidence intervals) for the absolute changes from baseline and between-group difference. | |||
| FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; BM, body mass; FFM, fat-free mass, FM, fat mass; IET, incremental exercise test; CWR, constant work rate exercise test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; RPE, rating of perceived exertion. | |||
| Statistically significant differences: §p<0.05, §§p<0.01 (within-group difference from baseline); *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (between-group differences). | |||
| Pulmonary function | |||
| FEV1 (l) | −0.036 (−0.1 to 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.8 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.13 to 0.18) |
| MIP (cm H2O) | 1.15 (−8.1 to 3.9) | −0.27 (−11.6 to 6.3) | 1.43 (−8.8 to 11.7) |
| Body composition | |||
| Total BM (kg) | 0.4 (−1.3 to 2.0) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.66 (−1.19 to 2.52) |
| FFM (kg) | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.0)§§ | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.0) | 1.62 (0.47 to 2.77)* |
| FM (kg) | −1.7 (−2.9 to −0.4) | −0.6 (−1.0 to −0.1) | −1.10 (−2.47 to 0.28) |
| Upper body muscle function | |||
| Peak force (dominant), N | 2.9 (0.3 to 5.5)§ | 0.6 (−1.1 to 2.3) | 2.27 (0.33 to 4.21)* |
| Total repetitions (dominant) | 15.6 (8.4 to 22.8)§§ | 8.4 (3.9 to 12.9)§ | 7.28 (2.16 to 12.40)* |
| Lower body muscle function | |||
| Peak torque (N.m) | 19.5 (14.9 to 23.3)§§ | 12.2 (4.4 to 14.4)§ | 7.30 (0.69 to 13.92)* |
| Total work (J) | 1216 (634 to 1798)§§ | 362 (48 to 710)§§ | 854.3 (131.3 to 1577.4)* |
| Exercise capacity | |||
| Peak work rate (W) | −0.71 (−13.2 to 11.8) | −5.0 (−14.0 to 4.0) | 4.29 (−12.5 to 21.1) |
| Peak V˙o2 (IET, l/min) | 0.061 (−0.06 to 0.20) | −0.074 (−0.2 to 0.02) | 0.14 (−0.02 to 0.29) |
| Lactate threshold (IET, l/min) | 0.11 (0.03 to 0.19)§ | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.15) | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.21) |
| End-ex dyspnoea (IET) | −0.69 (−1.94 to 0.55) | 0.00 (−1.44 to 1.44) | −0.69 (−2.44 to 1.05) |
| End-ex RPE (IET) | −1.15 (−2.84 to 0.54) | 0.00 (−1.38 to 1.38) | −1.15 (−3.30 to 0.99) |
| Exercise time (CWR, s) | 214 (20 to 409)§ | 243 (−1 to 488) | −29.0 (−317.8 to 259.8) |
| End-ex dyspnoea (CWR) | −1.3 (−2.3 to −0.3)§ | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.6) | 0.9 (−2.4 to 0.6) |
| End-ex RPE (CWR) | −1.1 (−2.4 to 0.2) | −0.4 (−1.7 to 0.9) | 0.7 (−2.7 to 1.2) |
| Distance walked (ISWT, m) | 55 (5 to 104)§ | 76 (21 to131)§ | −21.5 (−90.6 to 47.7) |
| Time walked (ESWT, s) | 365 (181 to 550)§§ | 275 (90 to 460)§§ | 90.5 (−157.6 to 339) |
| SGRQ | |||
| Total score | −5.9 (−1.1 to −10.8)§ | 1.8 (−4.1 to 7.7) | −7.7 (−14.9 to −0.5)* |
| Activity domain | −5.3 (−1.7 to −8.9)§§ | 11.0 (1.8 to 20.1)§ | −16.3 (−24.8 to −7.9)** |
| Impact domain | −3.46 (−10.2 to 3.3) | −3.45 (−10.3 to 3.4) | −0.01 (−9.2 to 9.2) |
| Symptoms domain | −4.3 (−15.1 to 6.4) | 0.2 (−10.0 to 10.5) | −4.5 (−18.9 to 9.8) |