Responses to initial loading phase for creatine and placebo groups
| Creatine(n = 18) | Placebo(n = 18) | Creatine versus placebo difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data are presented as group mean values (with 95% confidence intervals) for the absolute changes from baseline and between group difference. | |||
| FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; BM, body mass; FFM, fat-free mass, FM, fat mass; IET, incremental exercise test; CWR, constant work rate exercise test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; RPE, rating of perceived exertion. | |||
| Statistically significant differences: §p<0.05, §§p<0.01 (within-group difference from baseline); *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (between-group differences). | |||
| Pulmonary function | |||
| FEV1 (l) | −0.01 (−0.1 to 0.1) | −0.05 (−1.79 to 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.19) |
| MIP (cm H2O) | 7.13 (−0.3 to 14.5) | 3.69 (−2.2 to 9.6) | 3.44 (−5.62 to 12.49) |
| Body composition | |||
| Total BM (kg) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.4)§§ | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.95 (0.43 to 1.8)* |
| FFM (kg) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3)§§ | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.4) | 1.09 (0.43 to 1.74)* |
| FM (kg) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.8) | −0.13 (−0.71 to 0.44) |
| Upper limb muscle function | |||
| Peak force (N) | 0.6 (−1.4 to 2.6) | −0.12 (−1.92 to 1.68) | 0.72 (−0.58 to 2.02) |
| Total repetitions | 3.9 (1.9 to 6)§§ | 1.1 (−2.4 to 4.6) | 2.89 (0.26 to 5.52)* |
| Lower limb muscle function | |||
| Peak torque (N.m) | 3.5 (2.3 to 4.7)§§ | −0.7 (−3.4 to 2.0) | 4.2 (1.4 to 7.1)* |
| Total work (J) | 424 (137 to 710)§§ | 13 (−44 to 69) | 411.1 (129.9 to 692.4)** |
| Exercise capacity | |||
| Time to intolerance (CWR, s) | 15 (−30 to 60) | 54 (18 to 90)§ | −40.0 (−94.3 to 16.3) |
| End-ex dyspnoea (CWR) | −0.3 (−1.9 to 1.3) | 0.2 (−0.7 to 1.1) | −0.5 (−2.0 to 1.0) |
| End-ex RPE (CWR) | 0.2 (−1 to 1.4) | −1.0 (−2 to 0.0) | 1.3 (0.4 to 2.9) |
| Distance walked (ISWT, m) | −8 (−44 to 28) | 15 (−19 to 50) | −23.1 (−71.7 to 25.5) |
| Time walked (ESWT, s) | 132 (61 to 203)§§ | 92 (−59 to 242) | 40.5 (−115.7 to 196.7) |