Relationships between atopy, asthma, and hay fever and antibiotic use in the first 5 years of life
| Atopy | Asthma | Atopic asthma | Hay fever | Grass-positive hay fever | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of prescriptions | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) per prescription | p value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) per prescription | p value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) per prescription | p value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) per prescription | p value | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) per prescription | p value | |
| *Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, sex, social class, parental allergic disease, and number of siblings. | |||||||||||
| Total antibiotics | 2372 | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | 0.68 | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) | 0.002 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.14) | 0.003 | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.10 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 0.23 |
| Total penicillins | 888 | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.10) | 0.73 | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.12 | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26) | 0.03 | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) | 0.19 | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.12 |
| Total broad spectrum penicillins | 463 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.48 | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.29) | 0.05 | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.27) | 0.35 | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.14) | 0.90 | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.20) | 0.65 |
| Total cephalosporins | 35 | 1.52 (0.81 to 2.88) | 0.19 | 1.72 (0.87 to 3.42) | 0.14 | 2.25 (1.05 to 4.80) | 0.05 | 0.73 (0.34 to 1.56) | 0.40 | 1.07 (0.49 to 2.33) | 0.87 |
| Total tetracyclines | 365 | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36) | 0.06 | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.53) | 0.01 | 1.34 (1.11 to 1.62) | 0.004 | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.35) | 0.07 | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.28) | 0.57 |
| Total aminoglycosides | 114 | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.31) | 0.86 | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.69) | 0.34 | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.75) | 0.41 | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.54) | 0.42 | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.51) | 0.92 |
| Total macrolides | 148 | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.06) | 0.12 | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.26) | 0.87 | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.31) | 0.99 | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.23) | 0.93 | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.22) | 0.62 |
| Total sulfonamides | 106 | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.45) | 0.72 | 1.84 (1.29 to 2.62) | 0.001 | 1.60 (1.08 to 2.36) | 0.02 | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62) | 0.32 | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.79) | 0.26 |
| Total other | 253 | 1.11 (0.90 to 1.37) | 0.35 | 1.28 (0.99 to 1.64) | 0.07 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.66) | 0.17 | 1.19 (0.95 to 1.49) | 0.13 | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.38) | 0.78 |
| Total antibiotics age 0–1 | 396 | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02) | 0.07 | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.25) | 0.87 | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.44 | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.56 | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 0.04 |
| Total antibiotics age 1–2 | 499 | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.83 | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.35) | 0.02 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) | 0.05 | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.20) | 0.37 | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.22) | 0.58 |
| Total antibiotics age 2–3 | 460 | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.21) | 0.40 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) | 0.13 | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.43) | 0.06 | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 0.13 | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.22) | 0.76 |
| Total antibiotics age 3–4 | 525 | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.22) | 0.38 | 1.23 (1.05 to 1.44) | 0.01 | 1.30 (1.09 to 1.56) | 0.01 | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.30) | 0.08 | 1.23 (1.05 to 1.45) | 0.01 |
| Total antibiotics age 4–5 | 492 | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.24) | 0.17 | 1.32 (1.15 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.13 to 1.54) | 0.001 | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.27) | 0.12 | 1.16 (1.00 to 1.35) | 0.05 |