Streptococcus pneumoniae* | M tuberculosis** |
Pneumocystis carinii
| Toxoplasma gondii, | Influenza |
Haemophilus influenzae*
|
M avium intracellulare
| Cryptococcus neoformans*** | Cryptosporidium spp | Parainfluenza |
Staphylococcus aureus*
|
M kansasii
|
Candida albicans
| Microsporidium spp | Respiratory syncytial virus |
Klebsiella pneumoniae*
| | Aspergillus spp | Leishmania spp | Rhinovirus |
Pseudomons aeruginosa*
| |
Penicillium marneffei
|
Strongyloides stercoralis
| Adenovirus |
Nocardia asteroides
| | Histoplasma capsulatum | | Cytomegalovirus |
Rochalimaea henselae
| | Coccidiodes immitis | | Herpes simplex virus |
| |
Blastomyces dermatitidis
| | Herpes varicella-zoster virus |
Bacterial pneumonia occurs more frequently in HIV positive patients at all CD4 counts than HIV negative controls. The risk increases as the CD4 count falls below 200 cells/mm3and in intravenous drug users5 | HIV positive individuals are at increased risk of infection with M tuberculosis, whatever the CD4 count, and should be offered an HIV test.7 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis tends to occur at CD4 counts <150 cells/mm3. M avium intracellulare and M kansasii both occur late in the course of HIV infection when the CD4 count falls below 50–100 cells/mm3 | Pulmonary infections with Candida and Aspergillus are relatively rare. Endemic mycoses caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodes immitis and Blastomyces dermatitidis occur in patients who live in North America | | Common respiratory viral infections occur comparably in HIV infected and non-infected people. CMV is frequently isolated in BAL, but its role in causing disease is not clear. The presence of CMV in BAL is associated with a worse prognosis in PCP9 |