Association (odds ratio (95% CI)† between daily hourly maximum levels of nitrogen dioxide and ozone with mortality by subject’s characteristics, season and cause of death
| Nitrogen dioxide | Ozone | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Only 1 admission | More than 1 admission | Only 1 admission | More than 1 admission | |||
| Asthma | Asthma | Asthma/COPD | Asthma | Asthma | Asthma/COPD | |
| *p<0.05. | ||||||
| †Adjusted for asthma epidemics. | ||||||
| Mortality for all causes | ||||||
| Male | 1.037 (0.731 to 1.472) | 1.172 (0.581 to 2.363) | 0.876 (0.668 to 1.147) | 1.234 (0.799 to 2.980) | 1.115 (0.417 to 2.980) | 0.858 (0.563 to 1.162) |
| Female | 1.042 (0.831 to 1.308) | 1.617 (1.055 to 2.479)* | 1.292 (0.983 to 1.699) | 1.033 (0.723 to 1.476) | 1.823 (1.019 to 3.2.74)* | 1.062 (0.605 to 1.678) |
| p for interaction | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 0.50 |
| Age | ||||||
| ≤65 years | 0.903 (0.637 to 1.279) | 1.783 (0.992 to 3.207) | 1.669 (1.063 to 2.623)* | 0.625 (0.354 to 1.104) | 2.378 (1.075 to 5.265)* | 1.442 (0.700 to 2.973) |
| >65 years | 1.120 (0.880 to 1.413) | 1.329 (0.827 to 2.134) | 0.948 (0.763 to 1.170) | 1.360 (0.970 to1.909) | 1.235 (0.649 to 2.388) | 0.856 (0.603 to 1.205) |
| p for interaction | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.20 |
| Severity of emergency department visits | ||||||
| Released within 24 h | 1.067 (0.828 to 1.382) | 1.417 (0.856 to 2.346) | 1.267 (0.957 to 1.679) | 1.101 (0.742 to 1.625) | 1.636 (0.867 to 3.242) | 0.694 (0.439 to 1.097) |
| Hospital referral | 1.041 (0.781 to 1.386) | 1.570 (0.919 to 2.682) | 0.899 (0.684 to 1.125) | 1.043 (0.667 to 1.632) | 1.525 (0.711 to 3.268) | 1.201 (0.789 to 1.825) |
| p for interaction | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.10 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.08 |
| Number of emergency department visits/1000 days | ||||||
| ≥2.26 (median) | 1.028 (0.767 to 1.376) | 1.853 (1.118 to 3.070)* | 1.133 (0.908 to 1.414) | 1.075 (0.616 to 1.873) | 2.427 (1.081 to 5.450)* | 0.960 (0.660 to 1.398) |
| <2.26 | 1.018 (0.798 to 1.298) | 1.115 (0.648 to 1.920) | 0.852 (0.087 to 1.236) | 1.067 (0.760 to 1.497) | 1.186 (0.629 to 2.238) | 0.901 (0.525 to 1.547) |
| p for interaction | 0.96 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.98 | 0.17 | 0.85 |
| Season of death | ||||||
| April-September | 1.156 (0.897 to 1.489) | 1.746 (1.075 to 2.838)* | 1.049 (0.812 to 1.356) | 1.018 (0.726 to 1.426) | 1.900 (1.093 to 3.302)* | 1.048 (0.732 to 1.501) |
| October-March | 0.903 (0.679 to 1.202) | 1.190 (0.674 to 2.099) | 1.049 (0.791 to 1.329) | 1.359 (0.761 to 2.427) | 0.702 (0.200 to 2.465) | 0.697 (0.381 to 1.277) |
| p for interaction | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.88 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
| Cause of death | ||||||
| Respiratory | 0.879 (0.617 to 1.251) | 1.630 (0.929 to 2.861) | 0.974 (0.712 to 1.331) | 0.695 (0.389 to 1.240) | 1.792 (0.848 to 3.783) | 0.836 (0.509 to 1.278) |
| Cardiovascular | 1.374 (0.978 to 1.930) | 1.293 (0.636 to 2.672) | 1.337 (0.963 to 1.875) | 1.397 (0.854 to 2.285) | 1.331 (0.529 to 3.349) | 0.985 (0.521 to 1.861) |