Table 3

Individual associations (adjusted for age and sex) for risk factors for death from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVS)

Risk factor		Asthma deaths vs controls			COPD death vs controls			CVS deaths vs controls
Risk factor		%^4-1	OR^4-2		95% CI	%^4-1		OR^4-2	95% CI	%^4-1	OR^4-2	95% CI
Clinically severe asthma	29	6.29^4-150	1.84 to 21.52	16	1.64	0.32 to 8.37	10	1.03	0.16 to 6.52
Chest pain	22	3.78^4-150	1.06 to 13.50	21	4.92	0.85 to 28.43	15	4.99	0.91 to 27.48
Onset preceded by URTI	42	0.55	0.15 to 2.04	56	1.06	0.22 to 5.11	25	0.21^4-150	0.05 to 0.95
Mean (SD) highest peak flow per 50 l/min decrease	326 (109)	1.25	0.96 to 1.62	213 (82)	2.56^**	1.52 to 4.35	340 (136)	0.92	0.66 to 1.28
Pco₂ >6.1 kPa	40	2.75	0.66 to 11.39	44	5.63^4-150	0.99 to 32.00	27	2.27	0.40 to 12.82
COPD co-morbidity	24	3.55	0.88 to 14.28	67	11.70^4-150	2.37 to 57.70	17	0.94	0.20 to 4.51
Labscore ⩾3	37	4.12^4-150	1.36 to 12.49	33	1.79	0.47 to 6.74	47	2.94	0.78 to 11.10
Ever smoked	59	1.34	0.54 to 3.30	84	5.03^4-150	1.17 to 21.58	56	1.23	0.41 to 3.70
Ipratropium or Duovent	54	4.56^4-150	1.73 to 11.99	60	5.36^4-150	1.65 to 17.43	57	5.43^4-150	1.79 to 16.41
Ipratropium only	41	4.04^4-150	1.47 to 11.13	55	7.75^4-150	2.21 to 27.14	33	3.55^4-150	1.05 to 11.94
Any drug by nebuliser	44	4.59	1.71 to 12.36	47	3.98^4-150	1.16 to 13.61	10	0.53	0.10 to 2.81
Inhaled steroids not prescribed	46	3.45^4-150	1.35 to 9.10	37	3.33	0.95 to 11.10	80	0.85	0.22 to 3.33

↵4-150 p<0.05; ^**p<0.001.
↵4-1 % represents number of death group with the risk factor divided by the number for whom the risk factor is recorded × 100.
↵4-2 Adjusted for age and sex.