The lung function status of workers in a cadmium-nickel battery factory was re-examined 3 years after an initial study which showed a mild restrictive effect. During this period, further measures were taken to reduce the cadmium exposure. Of the 44 'original' cadmium-exposed workers, 17 were still exposed to cadmium. Another 13 were transferred to non-cadmium work at least 6 months and 14 left the company at least 1 year before the present study. Blood and urine cadmium concentrations were considerably lower than previously, consistent with the decreased cadmium-in-air levels. The total lung capacity increased both in the workers who were still exposed to cadmium and those who ceased exposure. The latter group also had increased vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms decreased particularly in the workers who were no longer exposed to cadmium.