Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the commonest proven cause of community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to hospital, but no currently available diagnostic method can be regarded as a gold standard. Microscopy of sputum is usually considered insensitive and poorly specific, and more invasively-obtained specimens are not routinely collected. Cultures of blood and respiratory secretions, and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and particle agglutination-based assays for capsular polysaccharides in serum and urine specimens, are specific but less than ideally sensitive. Some workers have reported specificity problems when immunoassays are applied to respiratory secretions. New diagnostic methods include detection of pneumococcal C polysaccharide in sputum and urine by ELISA and particle-agglutination assays, and these appear promisingly sensitive and specific in preliminary studies. Clinical assessments are now required to define the role of these techniques in guiding the treatment of individual patients.