Chest
Systemic Effects in COPD
Section snippets
Systemic Manifestations of COPD
Many COPD-related articles have reported changes in levels of oxidative stress, circulating cytokines, and acute-phase response proteins or in the activation levels of circulating cells. An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is widely hypothesized as being the pathogenesis of COPD. Reactive oxygen species, which are generated by neutrophils, whether circulating or sequestered in the pulmonary vasculature, are scavenged by blood antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, indicating that the
Body Cell Mass Alterations in COPD
Wasting is a generally occurring manifestation in a wide variety of different chronic conditions and can be considered to be an important systemic manifestation as a loss of > 40% of actively metabolizing tissue is incompatible with life. The body cell mass (BCM) represents the actively metabolizing (organs) and contracting (muscles) tissue. This BCM cannot be measured directly. Changes in BCM can be clinically recognized by weight loss in general and by loss in fat-free mass (FFM) in
Muscle Protein Degradation in Muscle Wasting
In response to stimuli such as acidosis or infection or in states of inadequate caloric intake, it is a general finding that the overall breakdown of cell proteins, especially in muscles, increases to provide the essential amino acids required for protein synthesis and energy metabolism. During these conditions, the muscles and probably the skin preferentially lose proteins, while visceral organs lose little or no protein and the brain is unaffected. The preferential loss of skeletal muscles,
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