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Immunomodulating effects of antibiotics: Literature review

Immunmodulierende Wirkungen von Antibiotika

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Summary

Antibiotics can interact directly with the immune system. This is a review of the immunomodulating effects of antibiotics. The Medline database on CD-ROM was searched for the years 1987 to 1994 using the following search string: “thesaurus explode antibiotics / all AND (thesaurus explode immune-system / drug effects ORthesaurus immune-tolerance / drug effects).” Aspects of the immune system studied were aspects of phagocyte functions: phagocytosis and killing, and chemotaxis and aspects of lymphocyte functions: lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity and natural killer-cell activity. In order to quantify and to compare immunomodulatory properties of antibiotics we calculated an “immune index,” defined as: number of positive statements — number of negative statements/total number of statements. Concerning phagocytosis, positive effects were observed for cefodizime, imipenem, cefoxitin, amphotericin B and clindamycin and negative effects for erythromycin, roxithromycin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, amplicillin and gentamicin. Clindamycin, cefoxitin and imipenem induce enhancement of chemotaxis, whereas cefotaxime, rifampicin and teicoplanin decrease chemotaxis. Regarding lymphocyte proliferation, cefodizime has the strongest stimulating effect, whereas tetracycline has the strongest negative effect. Except for erythromycin and amphotericin B the number of statements reported is too small to be conclusive for the interpretation of effects on cytokine production. Erythromycin and amphotericin B appear to stimulate cytokine production. As to antibody production, cefodizime has the strongest positive effect, whereas josamycin, rifampicin and tetracycline have marked negative effects. For delayed hypersensitivity and the natural killer-cell activity the number of statements is too small for any single antibiotic to be conclusive. There are three markedly immuno-enhancing antibiotics (imipenem, cefodizime and clindamycin) and eight markedly immuno-depressing antibiotics (erythromycin, roxithromycin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, rifampicin, gentamicin, teicoplanin and ampicillin).

Zusammenfassung

Antibiotika können direkt mit dem Immunsystem in Wechselwirkung treten. Im Folgenden geben wir eine Übersicht über immunmodulierende Wirkungen von Antibiotika. Medline Datenbasen auf CD-ROM für die Jahre 1987–1994 mit den Stichworten “thesaurus explode antibiotics / all AND (thesaurus explode immune-system/ drug effects ORthesaurus immune-tolerance / drug effects)” wurden befragt. Die immunologischen Studien betrafen Aspekte der Phagozytenfunktionen: Phagozytose und Abtötung sowie Chemotaxis und Aspekte der Lymphozytenfunktion, Lymphozytenproliferation, Zytokinproduktion, Antikörperbildung, Überempfind-lichkeitsreaktion vom verzögerten Typ und natürliche Killerzellaktivität. Um immunmodulierende Eigenschaften von Antibiotika quantifizierbar und vergleichbar zu machen, wurde ein wie folgt definierter “Immunindex” berechnet: Zahl positive Aussagen — Zahl negativer Aussagen/Gesamtaussagen. Positive Wirkungen auf die Phagozyten wurden mit Cefodizim, Imipenem, Cefoxitin, Amphotericin B und Clindamycin gemacht. Bei Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Cefotaxim, Tetracyklin, Ampicillin und Gentamicin wurden negative Effekte beobachtet. Clindamycin, Cefoxitin und Imipenem induzieren eine Verstärkung der Chemotaxis. Auf die Lymphozyten-proliferation hat Cefodizim den stärksten Stimulationseffekt, Tetrazyklin hat den stärksten negativen Effekt. Die Wirkung auf Zytokinproduktion kann nur für Erythromycin und Amphotericin B beurteilt werden, bei allen anderen Substanzen reichen die Daten hierfür nicht aus. Erythromycin und Amphotericin B führen offensichtlich zu einer Stimulation der Zytokinproduktion. Auf die Antikörperbildung hat Cefodizim die stärkste positive Wirkung, deutlich negative Effekte wurden mit Josamycin, Rifampicin und Tetrazyklin beobachtet. Für die verschiedenen Antibiotika liegen nicht genügend Studien zur Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion vom verzögerten Typ oder zur Natural Killer Cell Aktivität vor. Drei der Antibiotika haben ausgeprägte fördernde Wirkung auf das Immunsystem (Imipenem, Cefodizim, Clindamycin), acht haben ausgeprägt immunsuppressive Wirkung (Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Cefotaxim, Tetrazyklin, Rifampicin, Gentamicin, Teicoplanin und Ampicillin).

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  1. Dept. of Nephrology, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium

    B. Van Vlem M. D.,  R. Vanholder M. D., Ph. D., P. De Paepe &  S. Ringoir M. D., Ph. D.

  2. Dept. of Intensive Care, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium

    D. Vogelaers M. D., Ph. D.

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Van Vlem, B., Vanholder, R., De Paepe, P. et al. Immunomodulating effects of antibiotics: Literature review. Infection 24, 275–291 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01743360

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