Table 4
Risk factors for atopic and non-atopic wheeze
| Risk factors | Healthy n=2.927 | Children with wheeze | ||||
| Skin test reactivity n=56 | Non-skin test reactivity n=334 | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p Value* | |
| Demographic and socieconomic factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1449 (88.3) | 18 (1.1) | 1.0 | 174 (10.6) | 1.0 | |
| Male | 1478 (88.2) | 38 (2.3) | 2.73 (1.44 to 5.16) | 160 (9.5) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.004 |
| Age, years | ||||||
| 6–9 | 1153 (85.6) | 18 (1.3) | 1.0 | 176 (13.1) | 1.0 | |
| 10–12 | 1022 (88.9) | 23 (2.0) | 1.34 (0.70 to 2.57) | 105 (9.1) | 0.56 (0.42 to 0.74) | 0.019 |
| 13–16 | 752 (91.7) | 15 (1.8) | 0.95 (0.40 to 2.28) | 53 (6.5) | 0.39 (0.25 to 0.62) | 0.082 |
| Family income | ||||||
| >US$150 dollars | 520 (85.5) | 9 (1.5) | 1.0 | 79 (13.0) | 1.0 | |
| ≤US$150 | 2367 (88.8) | 47 (1.8) | 1.29 (0.71 to 2.36) | 251 (9.4) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.01) | 0.112 |
| Maternal education level | ||||||
| Complete secondary or higher | 220 (83.6) | 7 (2.7) | 1.0 | 36 (13.7) | 1.0 | |
| Complete primary or incomplete secondary | 1044 (89.3) | 16 (1.4) | 0.33 (0.09 to 1.23) | 104 (9.3) | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.18) | 0.256 |
| Illiterate or incomplete primary | 1635 (87.9) | 33 (1.8) | 0.53 (0.11 to 2.65) | 191 (10.3) | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.30) | 0.626 |
| Environmental factors | ||||||
| Charcoal for cooking | ||||||
| No | 2685 (88.2) | 47 (1.5) | 1.0 | 314 (10.3) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 235 (89.0) | 9 (3.4) | 2.22 (0.74 to 6.61) | 20 (7.6) | 0.79 (0.46 to 1.35) | 0.068 |
| River water | ||||||
| No | 852 (86.4) | 12 (1.2) | 1.0 | 122 (12.4) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 2075 (89.0) | 44 (1.9) | 1.22 (0.61 to 2.46) | 212 (9.1) | 0.80 (0.55 to 1.16) | 0.263 |
| Excreta disposal | ||||||
| Toilet or latrine | 1835 (89.2) | 34 (1.6) | 1.0 | 189 (9.2) | 1.0 | |
| Open field | 1091 (86.8) | 22 (1.7) | 1.16 (0.57 to 2.38) | 144 (11.5) | 1.31 (0.94 to 1.83) | 0.752 |
| Cat inside house presently | ||||||
| No | 1905 (88.4) | 32 (1.5) | 1.0 | 219 (10.1) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1020 (88.1) | 24 (2.1) | 1.50 (0.86 to 2.63) | 114 (9.8) | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.02) | 0.011 |
| Cat inside house ever | ||||||
| No | 1656 (89.3) | 28 (1.5) | 1.0 | 171 (9.2) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.269 (87.1) | 28 (1.9) | 1.45 (0.85 to 2.46) | 160 (11.0) | 1.25 (0.94 to 1.66) | 0.631 |
| Pig around house presently | ||||||
| No | 1457 (87.5) | 27 (1.6) | 1.0 | 181 (10.9) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1466 (89.0) | 29 (1.8) | 1.22 (0.71 to 2.12) | 152 (9.2) | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.17) | 0.281 |
| Contact with animals on farms | ||||||
| No | 2041 (88.4) | 33 (1.4) | 1.0 | 235 (10.2) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 883 (87.9) | 23 (2.3) | 1.04 (0.60 to 1.81) | 98 (9.8) | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.39) | 0.925 |
| Maternal- and family-related factors | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1st–3rd | 1597 (86.9) | 33 (1.8) | 1.0 | 207 (11.3) | 1.0 | |
| ≥4th | 1330 (89.9) | 23 (1.6) | 0.61 (0.29 to 1.28) | 126 (8.5) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.88) | 0.703 |
| Day care | ||||||
| No | 1490 (88.0) | 32 (1.9) | 1.0 | 172 (10.1) | 1.0 | |
| <1 year old | 383 (91.0) | 4 (0.9) | 0.66 (0.20 to 2.19) | 34 (8.1) | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.19) | 0.731 |
| ≥1 year old | 979 (87.4) | 18 (1.6) | 1.04 (0.52 to 2.09) | 123 (11.0) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) | 0.911 |
| Mother smokes presently | ||||||
| No | 2488 (88.4) | 44 (1.6) | 1.0 | 283 (10.0) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 413 (87.3) | 12 (2.5) | 1.10 (0.39 to 3.12) | 48 (10.2) | 1.46 (0.83 to 2.56) | 0.648 |
| Mother smoked in pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 2555 (88.3) | 44 (1.5) | 1.0 | 295 (10.2) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 333 (87.6) | 11 (2.9) | 2.18 (0.63 to 7.48) | 36 (9.5) | 0.94 (0.53 to 1.67) | 0.195 |
| Maternal allergic diseases | ||||||
| No | 1842 (92.4) | 29 (1.5) | 1.0 | 122 (6.1) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1016 (81.6) | 24 (1.9) | 1.64 (0.78 to 3.42) | 206 (16.5) | 3.24 (2.42 to 4.32) | 0.055 |
| Sedentarism | ||||||
| Frequency of watching television | ||||||
| Never or sometimes | 809 (89.2) | 17 (1.9) | 1.0 | 81 (8.9) | 1.0 | |
| 1–3 h/day | 1653 (88.3) | 32 (1.7) | 0.97 (0.56 to 1.65) | 188 (10.0) | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.68) | 0.421 |
| >3 h/day | 459 (86.5) | 7 (1.3) | 0.86 (0.32 to 2.30) | 65 (12.2) | 1.51 (1.06 to 2.16) | 0.294 |
| Frequency of exercise | ||||||
| Daily | 2209 (89.0) | 42 (1.7) | 1.0 | 232 (9.3) | 1.0 | |
| 3 times a week | 349 (86.8) | 7 (1.7) | 0.94 (0.40 to 2.20) | 46 (11.5) | 1.23 (0.82 to 1.83) | 0.562 |
| Once a week or less | 363 (85.8) | 5 (1.2) | 0.95 (0.36 to 2.48) | 55 (13.0) | 1.32 (0.81 to 2.14) | 0.471 |
| Geohelminth infections | ||||||
| Intensity of T trichiura, median | ||||||
| Negative | 1301 (88.3) | 36 (2.5) | 1.0 | 136 (9.2) | 1.0 | |
| ≤490 epg | 803 (88.2) | 14 (1.5) | 0.49 (0.24 to 1.01) | 93 (10.3) | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.35) | 0.072 |
| >490 epg | 746 (88.5) | 5 (0.6) | 0.24 (0.09 to 0.63) | 92 (10.9) | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.43) | 0.010 |
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Only the factors which had a significant effect (p<0.20) in the univariate analysis for at least one of two outcomes are shown.
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The OR and 95% CIs were calculated using a polytomous logistic regression model.
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epg, eggs per gram.
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↵* p Value for the test comparing the ORs for atopic and non-atopic wheeze.
