Associations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)* with (A) individual childhood disadvantage factors and (B) with the number of childhood disadvantage factors
| Men | Women | |||
| OR† (95% CI) | p Value | OR† (95% CI) | p Value | |
| (A) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Maternal asthma | 1.26 (0.56 to 2.82) | 0.576 | 1.55 (0.73 to 3.31) | 0.255 |
| Paternal asthma | 2.69 (1.53 to 4.74) | 0.001 | 2.94 (1.60 to 5.41) | 0.001 |
| Childhood asthma | 10.48 (6.10 to 18.03) | <0.001 | 3.74 (1.55 to 9.02) | 0.003 |
| Severe respiratory infection before 5 years | 1.34 (0.77 to 2.35) | 0.303 | 0.69 (0.31 to 1.53) | 0.362 |
| Maternal smoking | 1.41 (0.89 to 2.25) | 0.143 | ||
| (B) | ||||
| Number of childhood factors | ||||
| 0 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| 1 | 1.71 (1.10 to 2.64) | 0.017 | 1.62 (1.01 to 2.60) | 0.046 |
| 2 | 5.23 (3.14 to 8.73) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.26 to 4.61) | 0.008 |
| 3 | 6.32 (2.35 to 16.98) | <0.001 | 7.16 (2.75 to 18.64) | <0.001 |
| For comparison | ||||
| Adult smoking status | ||||
| Former | 2.44 (1.39 to 4.27) | 0.002 | 1.00 (0.51 to 1.94) | 0.999 |
| Current <10 cig/day | 2.50 (1.27 to 4.91) | 0.008 | 0.62 (0.20 to 1.88) | 0.398 |
| Current 10–20 cig/day | 2.16 (1.07 to 4.34) | 0.031 | 2.32 (1.16 to 4.66) | 0.018 |
| Current >20 cig/day | 3.70 (2.05 to 6.69) | <0.001 | 3.82 (2.04 to 7.13) | <0.001 |
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Analyses include 8201 measurements in men and 8633 measurements in women with complete data.
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*COPD defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio <0.70 and FEV1 <80% predicted; based on prebronchodilator lung function measurements from ECRHS I and ECRHS II.
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†Odds ratio (OR) for COPD (A) comparing subjects with and without each childhood factor when adjusting for other childhood factors in the table and (B) comparing subjects with a specific number of childhood factors with subjects with zero childhood factors. Adjusted for smoking status, age completed education, social class, age, height and centre.
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‡Estimates for adult smoking are presented in order to enable comparisons of estimates. The estimates are from model B, but are practically identical for model A.
