BTS GUIDELINE

Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure

British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee

S Baudouin, S Blumenthal, B Cooper, C Davidson, A Davison, M Elliot, W Kinnear (Chairman), R Paton, E Sawicka, L Turner (Secretary)

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr W Kinnear, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
William.Kinnear@mail.qmcuh-tr.trent.nhs.uk

Keywords: non-invasive ventilation; acute respiratory failure; BTS guideline

Abbreviations: AHRF, acute hypercapnic respiratory failure; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASB, assisted spontaneous breathing; BMI, body mass index; CMV, continuous mandatory ventilation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP, continuous positive airways pressure; EPAP, expiratory positive airways pressure; FiO₂, fractionated inspired oxygen concentration; FRC, functional residual capacity; HDU, high dependency unit; ICU, intensive care unit; IE, inspiratory/expiratory; IPAP, inspiratory positive airways pressure; IPPV, intermittent positive pressure ventilation; LTOT, long term oxygen therapy; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; PaCO₂, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PaO₂, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PAV, proportional assist ventilation; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; PEEPi, intrinsic PEEP; PS, pressure support; SpO₂, oxygen saturation; SIMV, synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation; S/T, spontaneous/timed; V/Q, ventilation perfusion

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) refers to the provision of ventilatory support through the patient's upper airway using a mask or similar device. This technique is distinguished from those which bypass the upper airway with a tracheal tube, laryngeal mask, or tracheostomy and are therefore considered invasive. In this document NIV refers to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, and other less commonly used techniques such as external negative pressure or rocking beds will not be discussed. (NIPPV is an alternative abbreviation but it is more cumbersome and involves ambiguity as to whether "N" is for "non-invasive" or "nasal".)

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in this document refers to the non-invasive application of positive airway pressure, again using a face or nasal mask rather than in conjunction with invasive techniques. Although it might be open to debate as to whether the use of non-invasive CPAP in acute respiratory failure constitutes ventilatory support, it is . . . [Full text of this article]

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